The ".tif" file extension indicates that you are working with an image file. Most basic image editing programs can view or manipulate this type of file, which is generally used by people working in graphic design, advertising, or other similar fields in which the quality of the image you're working with is of the utmost importance. Other image formats use what are called compression algorithms; these mathematical formulas reduce the file size of a given image by removing redundant information contained in the file at the sacrifice of visual quality. When working with .tif files, you can be certain that regardless of how many times you save it, no formatting will be lost. In fact, there is a lossless compression algorithm for .tif files that will reduce the file size without any compromise in quality called LZW. Even with this, however, if you're looking to save space on your hard drive more than you are looking for crystal-clear pixel-perfect images, you should probably try another file type. Even compressed, .tif images generally take up much more space than other options like .jpeg or .png.
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There are many free programs that will allow you to not only view, but change .tif files, two very popular choices being Irfanview and The Gimp, which are both open source. Irfanview is a very small, fast, lightweight image manipulation program with very basic funtionality like cropping, color correction, etc., whereas The Gimp is a much more robust and fully-featured program, offering many tools to create files from scratch. This file format is very widely used and you should have no problems with compatibility. In fact, it is the standard for many professional organizations related to the field of visual media.
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More Info Regarding File Extension Tif
Faxed documents are increasingly being transmitted to people's email accounts or personal computers, as opposed to being printed out immediately by a printer. An electronic copy of a fax is often stored in this format, which can then be easily archived for later review or printing. Often the .tif file type is used for this purpose, and it is in this situation that most casual computer users will stumble across it. There are quite a few different free programs available out there for viewing electronic faxes specifically; if a standard image viewer isn't what you're looking for, try a quick google search and download whichever program appears to suit your needs best. The Microsoft Windows operating system has a built in, albeit extremely simple fax viewer, so chances are that you won't have to install anything unless you want certain functionality like the ability to send faxes from within the same program, for example.
Images are generally the only thing contained within files bearing the extension of .tif. If you are trying to open a .tif file and it's not supposed to be an image, but rather a text document (or anything else), then it is almost certain that you have the wrong file or it has been misnamed. Regardless of the data contained within the file, if the extension is incorrect, the data will be unreadable because it is not being decoded correctly, or more specifically, by the right program. If you try to open a .tif file with an image viewer that you know can read .tif files, such as Irfanview, and you find that you are unable to, then the problem is most likely that either the file has again been misnamed, or is simply corrupted, meaning the data within the file has been damaged in some way. Try re-downloading the file in question.
Generally, it will be rare that the casual user unexpectedly comes across this image format because of its very specific advantages and disadvantages. Because the difference between an uncompressed .tif file and a somewhat compressed, but still very clear .jpeg (just one example) is actually quite minute, and it may take a trained eye to spot the difference visually. If a comparison is made between the two files' sizes, however, the difference becomes immediately noticeable. The .tif may be two or three times the data size of the .jpeg, or even more in some cases. This makes the advantage only worth the compromise of physical space used on a drive if visual detail is of the utmost importance. The average person on their computer will likely use this format for storing archives of important documents or digital photograph originals.
